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Backend System Design

Backend System Design

Backend system design interviews evaluate your ability to design systems that are scalable, reliable, and maintainable — and to explain trade-offs clearly under time pressure. Use this hub like a curriculum: framework first, then core concepts, then full design questions.

Backend System Design

Core Concepts

Scaling Foundations

Building blocks

Design Questions

Data Systems

Real-Time Systems

Content and Social

Infrastructure

More design questions

Key trade-offs

Trade-offOption AOption B
SQL vs NoSQLACID compliance, complex queriesHorizontal scale, flexible schema
Consistency vs AvailabilityFinancial data, inventorySocial feeds, analytics
Push vs PullReal-time requirementsHigh fan-out scenarios
Cache vs DatabaseRead-heavy, latency-criticalWrite-heavy, consistency-critical
Sync vs AsyncSimple flows, immediate feedbackDecoupling, reliability

Preparation guidelines

  1. Practice verbal explanation — system design is a collaborative discussion.
  2. Draw diagrams — boxes and arrows matter as much as words.
  3. Memorize reference numbers — latency, throughput, storage ballparks.
  4. Study production systems — eng blogs from Netflix, Uber, Airbnb.
  5. Start simple, then scale — basic design first, then add complexity.